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About Dictionary

Content and Structure of the Dictionary

STMPJM is a lexicon of health- and medicine-related terms compiled in Polish Sign Language (PJM) and written Polish. It contains several hundred entries — terms selected based on their relevance to situations where Deaf individuals may encounter them in interactions with medical professionals or while reading texts related to health issues.

The dictionary is intended for a range of users, including: medical professionals, such as doctors working with Deaf patients; PJM interpreters providing services to Deaf clients; Deaf individuals themselves, who wish to better understand medical terminology. Comprehension of these terms directly impacts everyday health and safety.

Each dictionary entry includes the following components:
  • The headword or multi-word expression in written Polish.
  • Any available PJM variants of the term (video recordings), presented directly below the Polish entry.
  • A transcription in the HamNoSys system (shown above the video).
  • The equivalent term in Polish Sign Language, consisting of one or more signs (video).
  • A definition or explanation in PJM, sometimes translated literally from Polish, and sometimes adapted to PJM grammar. When possible, definitions in PJM avoid circular references to the defined term and instead use commonly known, non-specialist signs and concepts.
  • A definition in written Polish, based on specialist sources — sometimes quoted directly, sometimes rephrased to be more accessible to non-experts while maintaining precision.
  • Example sentences showing how the PJM term is used in context, adapted from written Polish examples.
  • Authentic usage examples drawn primarily from a variety of medical and health-related texts, which serve as the basis for the PJM examples.

The dictionary includes only medical meanings of Polish words and PJM signs — other meanings are excluded.

Medical terms are organized into more specific thematic categories. Category assignment is one of the parameters of each entry. A small number of terms could not be clearly classified into a single category and were therefore assigned to the “Other” category. This categorization is essential, as the dictionary defines the meaning of a term within the context of its specific category.

The remaining parameters of each entry relate to the way the sign is produced. These include:
  • the handshape of the dominant hand,
  • the handshape of the non-dominant hand (if the sign is two-handed),
  • the location, that is, the area of the body or signing space where the sign is performed (for two-handed signs, this refers to the location on the non-dominant hand where the dominant hand articulates the sign),
  • an indication of whether the sign is two-handed.


HamNoSys Transcription

Each sign entry in the dictionary is accompanied by a transcription using the Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages (HamNoSys). This system can be regarded as a sign language equivalent of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is used for the transcription of spoken languages. HamNoSys is primarily employed for research purposes rather than as a general writing system (unlike, for example, SignWriting).

HamNoSys was developed in 1985 by a team of researchers at the University of Hamburg, led by Thomas Hanke, and has been systematically expanded since then. The current version in use is 4.0. HamNoSys is a universal system, designed to transcribe signs from any sign language as well as any type of gesture. It accounts for all possible handshapes, locations, and types of movement. Specific symbols and numbers are used to represent individual sign parameters.

In the dictionary, the HamNoSys transcription refers to the base form of the lexeme, that is, its so-called isolated form. An example transcription is shown in the illustration below. 

The symbols correspond, in order, to: handshape, hand orientation (comprising both finger and palm orientation), sign location, and movement.

Entries composed of multiple signs are transcribed as a sequence of HamNoSys strings, separated by a special delimiter: -/-.

How to Use the Dictionary

Below is a brief description of the dictionary’s key functions, along with instructions on how to use them effectively.

Browsing Entries

Upon accessing the "Entry List," users can choose how the dictionary entries are displayed. Two viewing modes are available:
  • Tiles (default view) – In this mode, each entry is displayed in a separate square field (“tile”). In addition to the Polish term, the HamNoSys notation and handshapes are also shown.
  • List – Entries are displayed in a continuous vertical list, one below the other. This view is more convenient for quickly navigating through the list of entries.
The view mode can be changed using the icon located next to the page numbers.
Above the entry list, the letters of the alphabet are displayed. These can be used to filter and show only those signs whose corresponding Polish terms begin with the selected letter.

Searching for an Entry

The website includes a search bar in which users can type a Polish word. The dictionary will locate Polish entries containing the entered term and display the corresponding Polish Sign Language signs.

Signs can also be searched based on their articulatory features and by category. The following filters are available:
  • Category – users can select a specific category of entries from the dictionary.
  • Handshape – users can specify the shape of the hand used in the sign (basic handshapes are defined according to the fingerspelling alphabet signs; a number added to a letter indicates a modification of the manual alphabet sign).
  • Sign location – the part of the body where the sign is articulated (e.g., in front of the chest, at nose level, etc.).
  • Additional parameters – include two-handed signs, proximity to the body, contact, and handshape change during the articulation of the sign.

Multiple filters can be combined to narrow the search results.

Details of an Individual Entry

Clicking on a selected entry opens a page with detailed information, including:
  • Definition – an explanation of the meaning of the term.
  • Usage examples – illustrative sentences in which the term is used.
  • Parameters – the entry’s category and a detailed description of its articulatory features.
  • Additional information – the source of the entry and information on the frequency of its use (documented entries) or its level of acceptability (entries derived from experimental data).
  • Related entries – other entries with similar meaning or thematic relevance.